Mohammad Alghounaim, Naila A. Shaheen, Abdulrahman Aldaithan, Saif Awlad Thani, Yasser Kazzaz, Abdulla Alfraij, On behalf of the Gulf Pediatric Pertussis Study (GPPS) Group
Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center. King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Farwaniya Hospital. Royal Hospital.
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Oman
Journal of Infection and Public Health
J Infect Pub Health 2026; 19:
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2026.103276
Abstract
Background: Critical pertussis carries high mortality, yet early risk stratification remains challenging. Although hyperleukocytosis and pulmonary hypertension (PHT) are linked to poor outcomes, the prognostic role of white blood cell (WBC) trajectories and optimal thresholds remains unclear. This study identified predictors of mortality and characterized WBC dynamics, and optimal WBC threshold for treatment in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) with pertussis.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study across 35 PICUs in six Gulf Cooperation Council countries (July 2022-December 2024) included children with laboratory-confirmed pertussis and PICU stay > 6 h. Demographic and clinical data were collected. WBC counts were recorded at emergency presentation, PICU admission, and peak values. Predictors of mortality were analyzed using logistic regression. The WBC threshold was estimated using ROC curves The optimal threshold was identified using Youden Index.
Results: Of 204 children, 31(15.2%) died. Non-survivors were younger and had shorter duration of symptoms. They more frequently required leukoreduction, inotropic support, and nitric oxide therapy. Independent predictors of mortality included underweight status (aOR 7.59; 95%CI 2.125-27.12), PHT (aOR 3.69; 95% CI 1.06-12.78), elevated day-1 PELOD score (aOR 1.32; 95%CI 1.11-1.56), and peak WBC (aOR 1.05; 95%CI 1.02-1.09). Peak WBC strongly discriminated mortality (AUC 0.86), with an optimal cut-off of 51.5 × 10⁹/L for correctly identifying the mortality. Two phenotypes emerged: apnea and respiratory distress (RD). In unadjusted comparisons, the RD group had higher WBC, PHT prevalence, PICU stays, and mortality.
Conclusion: Mortality in critical pertussis remains high. Underweight status, severity of illness on presentation, peak WBC, and PHT were determinants of poor outcome, while phenotype stratification highlighted distinct clinical presentations.
Category
Class I. Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Infection
Potential Biomarkers Associated with Pulmonary Vascular Disease
Age Focus: Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease
Fresh or Filed Publication: Fresh (PHresh). Less than 1-2 years since publication
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Free PDF File or Full Text Article Available Through PubMed or DOI: Yes